BACKGROUND: The high prevalence, recurrence rate, chronicity, and illness burden in
bipolar disorder (BD) are well documented. Moreover, insufficient response with …

Major psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, major depressive and bipolar disorders
are severe, chronic and debilitating, and are associated with high disease burden and …

Despite extensive research in the last decades, the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder (BD)
remains unclear. Access to post-mortem brain tissue of subjects who had BD offers an …

Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by a large spectrum of symptoms,
involving all functional systems. Psychiatric symptoms are common in people with MS …

Trace amounts of lithium are essential for our physical and mental health, and administration
of lithium has improved the quality of life of millions of patients with bipolar disorder for> 60 …

hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) is considered to be a strong marker of oxidative stress; the
interaction between HNE and cellular proteins leads to the formation of HNE-protein adducts …

The permanent occlusion of common carotid arteries (2VO) causes a significant reduction of
cerebral blood flow (hypoperfusion) in rats and constitutes a well established experimental …

Bipolar disorder is manifested as severe dysregulation of mood with recurrent manic and
major depressive episodes. It is associated with psychiatric and medical comorbidities …

Objective Mental illnesses may be caused by genetic and environmental factors. Recent
studies reported that mental illnesses were accompanied by higher oxidative stress level …

Antioxidant defence systems have received increasing attention in the pathophysiology of
psychiatric disorders, including: bipolar disorder (BD), major depressive disorder (MDD) …