Background Exosomes are progressively known as significant mediators of cell-to-cell
communication. They convey active biomolecules to target cells and have vital functions in …

Bones play an important role in maintaining exercise and protecting organs. Bone defect, as
a common orthopedic disease in clinics, can cause tremendous damage with long treatment …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized, natural, cell-derived vesicles that contain the
same nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids as their source cells. Thus, they can serve as natural …

The success of regenerative medicine in various clinical applications depends on the
appropriate selection of the source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Indeed, the source …

With the increase of population aging, the number of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients is
also increasing. According to current estimates, approximately 11% of people over 65 suffer …

Mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy has become an effective therapeutic approach for
bone regeneration. However, there are still limitations in successful clinical translation …

Cell-derived small extracellular vesicles have been exploited as potent drug vehicles.
However, significant challenges hamper their clinical translation, including inefficient …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-scale vesicles derived by cell secretion with unique
advantages such as promoting cell proliferation, anti-inflammation, promoting blood vessels …

As an emerging cell-free therapy, exosomes derived from stem cells have been widely
explored for tissue regeneration. However, it is still a great challenge to achieve the …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are crucial mediators of intercellular communication and can be
classified based on their physical properties, biomolecular structure, and origin. Among EVs …