This paper is the 28th consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning
the endogenous opioid system, now spanning over a quarter-century of research. It …

Cholinergic system is an important system and a branch of the autonomic nervous system
which plays an important role in memory, digestion, control of heart beat, blood pressure …

Background Opioids disrupt sleep and adenosine promotes sleep, but no studies have
characterized the effects of opioids on adenosine levels in brain regions known to regulate …

Background Buprenorphine, a partial μ-opioid receptor agonist and κ-opioid receptor
antagonist, is an effective analgesic. The effects of buprenorphine on sleep have not been …

Accumulating evidence support the growing non-medical use of morphine during
adolescence. Despite this concern which has recently been addressed in some studies …

Orexin-A and orexin-B are two neuropeptides selectively synthesized in the lateral
hypothalamus (LH), a region involved in morphine induced analgesia and pain modulation …

We aimed to review the literature to find the specific effect of opioids on the activity of
cholinesterase (ChE) enzyme which plays a substantial role in the functioning of cholinergic …

The roles of gonadal hormones and nitric oxide on pain perception and their interaction
have been widely investigated. In the present study the chronic effect of l-NAME (NOS …

Abstract Study Objectives: Benzodiazepine (BDZ) and non-benzodiazepine (NBDZ)
hypnotics enhance GABAergic transmission and are widely used for the treatment of …

Investigations have shown that the circadian rhythm can affect the mechanisms associated
with drug dependence. In this regard, we sought to assess the negative consequence of …