Women are at twice the risk for anxiety and depression disorders as men are, although the
underlying biological factors and mechanisms are largely unknown. In this review, we …

There is growing recognition of the problem of male bias in neuroscience research,
including in the field of traumatic brain injury (TBI) where fewer women than men are …

Microplastics (MPs) pollution has become a serious environmental issue worldwide, but its
potential effects on health remain unknown. The administration of polystyrene MPs (PS …

Although hormones such as glucocorticoids have been broadly accepted in recent decades
as general neuromodulators of memory processes, sex steroid hormones such as the potent …

Chronic pain affects 20% of adults and is one of the leading causes of disability worldwide.
Women and girls are disproportionally affected by chronic pain. About half of chronic pain …

Biological differences between males and females are found at multiple levels. However,
females have too often been under-represented in behavioral neuroscience research, which …

Estrogens are the hormones of reproduction in women as well as of many other important
functions in the male and female body. They undergo significant changes in the different …

Females have historically been disregarded in memory research, including the thousands of
studies examining roles for the hippocampus, medial prefrontal cortex, and amygdala in …

Sex differences are found across brain regions, behaviors, and brain diseases. Sexual
differentiation of the brain is initiated prenatally but it continues throughout life, as a result of …

Despite the exponential increase in fear research during the last years, few studies have
included female subjects in their design. The need to include females arises from the …