Purpose To date, no clear evidence-based guidelines exist pertaining to the ideal timing to
perform surgical treatment of orbital fractures. The purpose of this study was to determine if …

Computed tomography (CT) is commonly used for the diagnosis, treatment planning, and
prognosis of pure orbital fractures of the orbital floor and medial wall. The aim of this study …

Background: Orbital fractures are a commonly encountered problem with 7–10% of patients
developing delayed enophthalmos when managed conservatively with observation …

Background Although prompt surgery after an orbital fracture is preferable, the actual timing
of surgery in real-world settings varies. Therefore, this study investigated the outcomes of …

Purpose Enophthalmos greater than 2 mm should be considered clinically relevant and can
be responsible for esthetic and functional morbidity. The difficulty has always been the best …

The intricate anatomy and physiology of cranial nerves have inspired clinicians and
scientists to study their roles in the nervous system. Damage to motor cranial nerves may …

Virtual surgical planning (VSP) and three-dimensional (3D) printing have advanced surgical
reconstruction of orbital defects. Individualized 3D models of patients' orbital bony and soft …

Purpose Although orbital blowout fractures are common, there is no consensus with respect
to treatment decision making and long-term outcome. The purpose of this study was to …

Background: Orbital floor fracture defect size and inferior rectus (IR) rounding index are
currently accepted indications for surgery to prevent late enophthalmos. The authors …

The management of blow-out orbital fractures (BOFs) continues to be controversial and
regularly questioned. In recent years, treatment decision-making has shifted from a clinically …