The need for highly effective vaccines that induce robust and long-lasting immunity has
never been more apparent. However, for reasons that are still poorly understood, immune …

There is substantial variation between individuals in the immune response to vaccination. In
this review, we provide an overview of the plethora of studies that have investigated factors …

The majority of the 30–100 million people infected with Strongyloides stercoralis, a soil
transmitted intestinal nematode, have subclinical (or asymptomatic) infections. These …

Live attenuated oral polio vaccine (OPV) and inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) are the tools
being used to achieve eradication of wild polio virus. Because OPV can rarely cause …

The sudden emergence of a highly transmissible and pathogenic coronavirus SARS-CoV-2
in December 2019 from China and its rapid global spread has posed an international health …

Environmental enteropathy (also called tropical enteropathy) is a subclinical condition
caused by constant fecal–oral contamination and resulting in blunting of intestinal villi and …

Herd immunity has to do with the protection of populations from infection which is brought
about by the presence of immune individuals. The concept has a special aura, in its …

Oral vaccines are less immunogenic when given to infants in low-income compared with
high-income countries, limiting their potential public health impact. Here, we review factors …

Background Environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) refers to an incompletely defined
syndrome of inflammation, reduced absorptive capacity, and reduced barrier function in the …

Poliomyelitis has appeared in epidemic form, become endemic on a global scale, and been
reduced to near-elimination, all within the span of documented medical history. Epidemics of …