Inflammation occurs as a result of exposure of tissues and organs to harmful stimuli such as
microbial pathogens, irritants, or toxic cellular components. The primary physical …

The past 25 years have seen a major expansion of knowledge concerning the cause of
Parkinson's disease provided by an understanding of environmental and genetic factors that …

Soluble α-synuclein aggregates varying in size, structure, and morphology have been
closely linked to neuronal death in Parkinson's disease. However, the heterogeneity of …

Exosomes are small vesicles released from cells into extracellular space. We have isolated
exosomes from neuroblastoma cells and investigated their influence on the aggregation of α …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, after
Alzheimer's disease. The potential causes of PD remain uncertain, but recent studies …

Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative process characterized by numerous motor and
nonmotor clinical manifestations for which effective, mechanism-based treatments remain …

Abstract Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a prototypic pro-inflammatory cytokine
involved in the innate immune response. TNF-α ligation and downstream signaling with one …

Following inhibition of mitochondrial respiration neurons die rapidly, whereas astrocytes
utilize glycolytically-generated ATP to increase their mitochondrial membrane potential, thus …

The basal ganglia (BG) are composed of several nuclei involved in neural processing
related to the execution of motor, cognitive and emotional activities. Preclinical and clinical …

The demonstration that dopamine loss is the key pathological feature of Parkinson's disease
(PD), and the subsequent introduction of levodopa have revolutionalized the field of PD …