Hormones are largely responsible for the integrated communication of several physiological
systems responsible for modulating cellular growth and development. Although the specific …

Low energy availability (LEA) represents a state in which the body does not have enough
energy left to support all physiological functions needed to maintain optimal health. When …

Previous studies have identified over 3,000 genes that are differentially expressed in male
and female skeletal muscle. Here, we review the sex-based differences in skeletal muscle …

Aging is associated with a loss of sex hormone in both men (andropause) and women
(menopause). In men, reductions in testosterone can trigger declines in muscle mass, bone …

The primary purpose of this study was to examine whether grip strength is related to total
muscle strength in children, adolescents, and young adults. The second purpose was to …

Athletes and bodybuilders have recognized for several decades that the use of anabolic
steroids can promote muscle growth and strength but it is only relatively recently that these …

Risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with age-related loss of sex steroid
hormones in both women and men. In post-menopausal women, the precipitous depletion of …

BACKGROUND: The problem of anabolic–androgenic steroid (AAS) abuse has recently
generated widespread public and media attention. Most AAS abusers, however, are not elite …

Hand grip strength is a widely used proxy of muscular fitness, a marker of frailty, and
predictor of a range of morbidities and all-cause mortality. To investigate the genetic …

One‐third of infertile couples may have a male factor present. Illicit drug use can be an
important cause of male factor infertility and includes use of anabolic‐androgenic steroids …