Accumulating evidence indicates that microglial TLR2 and TLR4 play a significant role in
nociception. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the contribution of TLR2 and TLR4 …

Cancer pain, especially bone cancer pain, is a pain state often caused by inflammation or
dysfunctional nerves. Moreover, in the management of cancer pain, opioid especially …

Neuropathic pain treatment remains a challenge because pathomechanism is not fully
understood. It is believed that glial activation and increased spinal nociceptive factors are …

Neuropathic pain is still an extremely important problem in today's medicine because
opioids, which are commonly used to reduce pain, have limited efficacy in this type of …

Bone cancer pain (BCP) is an intractable clinical problem, and lacked effective drugs for
treating it. Recent research showed that several chemokines in the spinal cord are involved …

Neuropathic pain is a complication after a spinal nerve injury. The inflammasomes are now
identified to be responsible for triggering inflammation in neuropathic pain. Autophagy …

The complex neuroimmunological interactions mediated by chemokines are suggested to
be responsible for the development of neuropathic pain. The lack of knowledge regarding …

Botulinum neurotoxin serotype A (BoNT/A) shows antinociceptive properties, and its clinical
applications in pain therapy are continuously increasing. BoNT/A specifically cleaves SNAP …

Neuropathic pain remains as the most frequent cause of suffering and disability around the
world. The isomers paeoniflorin (PF) and albiflorin (AF) are major constituents extracted from …

Currently, the low efficacy of antinociceptive drugs for the treatment of neuropathic pain is a
major therapeutic problem. Here, we show the potential role of interleukin (IL)-18 signaling …