This review discusses alcohol and other forms of drug addiction as both a sociocultural and
biological phenomenon. Sex differences and gender are not solely determined by biology …

Early adolescent substance use dramatically increases the risk of lifelong substance use
disorder (SUD). An adolescent sensitive period evolved to allow the development of risk …

Addiction is a chronic relapsing disorder characterized by the loss of control over drug
intake, high motivation to obtain the drug, and a persistent craving for the drug …

The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) is an empirical effort to address
limitations of traditional mental disorder diagnoses. These include arbitrary boundaries …

Although it is challenging for individuals with cocaine addiction to achieve abstinence, the
greatest difficulty is avoiding relapse to drug taking, which is often triggered by cues …

Cathinone, the main psychoactive compound found in the plant Catha edulis Forsk.(khat), is
a β-keto analogue of amphetamine, sharing not only the phenethylamine structure, but also …

Importance Stimulant use disorder is common, affecting between 0.3% and 1.1% of the
population, and costs more than $85 billion per year globally. There are no licensed …

We propose that schizophrenia involves a combination of decreased phasic dopamine
responses for relevant stimuli and increased spontaneous phasic dopamine release. Using …

A major challenge in understanding substance-use disorders lies in uncovering why some
individuals become addicted when exposed to drugs, whereas others do not. Although …

The abuse of psychoactive 'bath salts' containing cathinones such as 3, 4-
methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) is a growing public health concern, yet little is known …