Because of the compartmentalization of disciplines that shaped the academic landscape of
biology and biomedical sciences in the past, physiological systems have long been studied …

The effects of aging on the immune system are manifest at multiple levels that include
reduced production of B and T cells in bone marrow and thymus and diminished function of …

A deficiency of dietary protein or amino acids has long been known to impair immune
function and increase the susceptibility of animals and humans to infectious disease …

It is now becoming apparent that the immune system undergoes age‐associated alterations,
which accumulate to produce a progressive deterioration in the ability to respond to …

The expression of maternal behavior in mammals is regulated by the developmental and
experiential events over a female's lifetime. In this review the relationships between the …

Dopamine is a small and relatively simple molecule that fulfills diverse functions. Within the
brain, it acts as a classical neurotransmitter whose attenuation or overactivity can result in …

Over the past 20 years we have demonstrated both in animal models and in human studies
that stress increases neuroendocrine hormones, particularly glucocorticoids and …

Background: Increasing evidence suggests that thyroid hormones, L-thyroxine (T4) and 3,
3′, 5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3), are modulators of the immune response. In monocytes …

IBD is a chronic disorder with disease onset ranging from early childhood to beyond the
sixth decade of life. The factors that determine the age of onset currently remain …

Animals living in temporally dynamic environments experience variation in resource
availability, climate and threat of infection over the course of the year. Thus, to survive and …