Deep and bottom water formation are crucial components of the global ocean circulation, yet
they were poorly represented in the previous generation of climate models. We here quantify …

Arctic sea ice loss has become a symbol of ongoing climate change, yet climate models still
struggle to reproduce it accurately, let alone predict it. A reason for this is the increasingly …

Antarctic sea ice plays a critical role in the Earth system, influencing energy, heat and
freshwater fluxes, air–sea gas exchange, ice shelf dynamics, ocean circulation, nutrient …

As the climate warms, the grounded ice sheet and floating ice shelves surrounding
Antarctica are melting and releasing additional freshwater into the Southern Ocean …

Abstract The region of Maud Rise, a seamount in the Weddell Sea, is known for the
occurrence of irregular polynya openings during the winter months. Hydrographic …

The subpolar gyres of the Southern Ocean form an important dynamical link between the
Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) and the coastline of Antarctica. Despite their key …

The additional water from the Antarctic ice sheet and ice shelves due to climate‐induced
melt can impact ocean circulation and global climate. However, the major processes driving …

The correct representation of the Maud Rise open‐ocean polynya in the Weddell Sea
remains a challenge for ocean models. Here we reproduce the most recent polynya …

As sea ice disappears, the emergence of open ocean deep convection in the Arctic, which
would enhance ice loss, has been suggested. Here, using 36 state‐of‐the‐art climate …

Antarctic sea ice is a critical component of the climate system affecting a range of physical
and biogeochemical feedbacks and supporting unique ecosystems. During the last glacial …