Recent advances in studies of immune memory in mice and humans have reinforced the
concept that memory B cells play a critical role in protection against repeated infections …

Germinal centers (GCs) are the site of antibody diversification and affinity maturation and as
such are vitally important for humoral immunity. The study of GC biology has undergone a …

More than one year after its inception, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic
caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) remains difficult …

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection produces B cell
responses that continue to evolve for at least a year. During that time, memory B cells …

Immunological memory is required for protection against repeated infections and is the basis
of all effective vaccines. Antibodies produced by memory B cells play an essential role in …

How antigen valency affects B cells in vivo during immune responses is not well understood.
Here, using HIV immunogens with defined valencies ranging from 1 to 60, we investigated …

Antibody responses are characterized by increasing affinity and diversity over time. Affinity
maturation occurs in germinal centers by a mechanism that involves repeated cycles of …

Memory B cells (MBCs) are critical for the rapid development of protective immunity
following re-infection. MBCs capable of neutralizing distinct subclasses of pathogens, such …

Transplantation of B cells engineered ex vivo to secrete broadly neutralizing antibodies
(bNAbs) has shown efficacy in disease models. However, clinical translation of this …

Memory B cells comprise a heterogenous group of cells that differ in origin and phenotype.
During the early phases of the immune response, activated B cells can differentiate into IgM …