Epiregulin is a 46-amino acid protein that belongs to the epidermal growth factor (EGF)
family of peptide hormones. Epiregulin binds to the EGF receptor (EGFR/ErbB1) and ErbB4 …

Heart failure is a complex syndrome whose phenotypic presentation and disease
progression depends on a complex network of adaptive and maladaptive responses. One of …

Summary Interleukin-2 (IL-2) regulates lymphocyte function by signaling through
heterodimerization of the IL-2Rβ and γ c receptor subunits. IL-2 is of considerable …

Most cell-surface receptors for cytokines and growth factors signal as dimers, but it is unclear
whether remodeling receptor dimer topology is a viable strategy to" tune" signaling output …

The Hedgehog (Hh) signal is transduced across the membrane by the heptahelical protein
Smoothened (Smo), a developmental regulator, oncoprotein and drug target in oncology …

A fascinating conundrum in cell signaling is how stimulation of the same receptor tyrosine
kinase with distinct ligands generates specific outcomes. To decipher the functional …

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a subset of breast cancer with aggressive
characteristics and few therapeutic options. The lack of an appropriate therapeutic target is a …

Biomimetic cell membrane-coated nanoparticles have been broadly applied because of
their superior biochemical properties. The right-side-out cell membrane coating manner …

Most secreted growth factors and cytokines are functionally pleiotropic because their
receptors are expressed on diverse cell types. While important for normal mammalian …

Highlights•Split biosensor assays allow monitoring of dynamic protein–protein interactions
in cell-based assays.•The activity of druggable targets, such as GPCRs and RTKs, can be …