The innate immune response to lipopolysaccharide is essential for host defense against
Gram-negative bacteria. In response to bacterial infection, the TLR4/MD-2 complex that is …

Highlights•MD-2 and CD14 regulate the transport and signaling functions of TLR4.•LPS-
induced CD14 aggregation modulates PIP5K activity to promote myddosome signaling …

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of Gram negative bacteria are one of the most potent stimulators
of the host innate immune system and LPS recognition is essential for the host organism to …

Gram-negative bacteria decorate their outermost surface structure, lipopolysaccharide, with
elaborate chemical moieties, which effectively disguises them from immune surveillance and …

Typically, pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are considered to be conserved
throughout classes of microbes and to contribute to general microbial fitness, whereas …

The lipid A moiety of lipopolysaccharide forms the outer monolayer of the outer membrane of
most gram-negative bacteria. Escherichia coli lipid A is synthesized on the cytoplasmic …

Phagocytosis is an essential mechanism in innate immune defense, and in maintaining
homeostasis to eliminate apoptotic cells or microbes, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis …

A number of pathogens cause host cell death upon infection, and Yersinia pestis, infamous
for its role in large pandemics such as the “Black Death” in medieval Europe, induces …

Lipopolysaccharide that constitutes the outer leaflet of the outer membrane of most Gram-
negative bacteria is referred to as an endotoxin. It is comprised of a hydrophilic …

Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague, is able to suppress production of
inflammatory cytokines IL-18 and IL-1β, which are generated through caspase-1-activating …