Bacterial pathogens utilize pore-forming toxins or specialized secretion systems to deliver
virulence factors to modulate host cell physiology and promote bacterial replication …

The study of innate immunity to bacteria has focused heavily on the mechanisms by which
mammalian cells detect lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the conserved surface component of …

Since the publication of the Janeway's Pattern Recognition hypothesis in 1989, study of
pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and their immuno-stimulatory activities …

Vertebrates vary in resistance and resilience to infectious diseases, and the mechanisms
that regulate the tradeoff between these often opposing protective processes are not well …

Bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide–LPS) as one of the most potent inducers of the
immune system is recognized by a complex cascade of extracellular “pattern recognition …

Inhalation of the bacterium Yersinia pestis results in primary pneumonic plague. Pneumonic
plague is the most severe manifestation of plague, with mortality rates approaching 100% in …

Infectious diseases exert a constant evolutionary pressure on the genetic makeup of our
innate immune system. Polymorphisms in Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) have been related to …

Background Bacteriophages specific for Yersinia pestis are routinely used for plague
diagnostics and could be an alternative to antibiotics in case of drug-resistant plague. A …

Eicosanoids are lipid-based signaling molecules that play a unique role in innate immune
responses. The multiple types of eicosanoids, such as prostaglandins (PGs) and …

Endotoxin refers lipopolysaccharide that constitutes the outer leaflet of the outer membrane
of most Gram-negative bacteria. Lipopolysaccharide is comprised of a hydrophilic …