Current models of signal transduction from the antigen receptors on B and T cells still
resemble equations with several unknown elements. Data from recent knock-out …

Antibodies continuously secreted by plasma cells play a central role in humoral immune
protection of the organism. These plasma cells are generated during the germinal center …

Mutations in the Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) gene have been linked to severe early B cell
developmental blocks in human X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA), and to milder B cell …

Mice homozygous for a disruption at the Lyn locus display abnormalities associated with the
B lymphocyte lineage and in mast cell function. Despite reduced numbers of recirculating B …

The absence of CTLA-4 results in uncontrolled T cell proliferation. The T cell receptor-
specific kinases FYN, LCK, and ZAP-70 as well as the RAS pathway were found to be …

Defects in the gene encoding Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) result in a disease called X-
linked agammaglobulinemia, in which there is a profound decrease of mature B cells due to …

The B cell antigen receptor (BCR) serves both to initiate signal transduction cascades and to
target antigen for processing and presentation by MHC class II molecules. How these two …

The ST6Gal sialyltransferase controls production of the Siaα2-6Galβ1-4GlcNAc
(Sia6LacNAc) trisaccharide, which is the ligand for the lectin CD22. Binding of CD22 to …

The Src family protein-tyrosine kinase Lyn associates physically with the BCR and has been
suggested to play an important role in BCR-mediated signaling. Studies with lyn-/-mice …

The cell-triggering properties of BCR, TCR and FcR depend on structurally related
immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs). FcyRllB have no ITAM and do not …