Phosphorus retention occurs from higher dietary phosphorus intake relative to its renal
excretion or dialysis removal. In the gastrointestinal tract the naturally existing organic …

Vascular dysfunction is an essential element found in many cardiovascular pathologies and
in pathologies that have a cardiovascular impact such as chronic kidney disease (CKD) …

In chronic kidney disease, hyperphosphatemia has been associated to vascular
calcifications. Moreover, the rate and progression of vascular calcification have been related …

Klotho is a single-pass transmembrane protein that exerts its biological functions through
multiple modes. Membrane-bound Klotho acts as coreceptor for the major phosphatonin …

Hyperphosphatemia is an inevitable consequence of end-stage chronic kidney disease and
is present in the majority of dialysis patients. Hyperphosphatemia is observationally and …

Osteoblastic differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is involved in the
pathogenesis of vascular calcification. Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) is a gas endogenously …

Inorganic phosphate (Pi) is an essential physiological compound, highlighted by the
syndromes caused by hypo or hyperphosphatemic states. Hyperphosphatemia is associated …

Vascular calcification plays a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, diabetes, and
chronic kidney disease. Human aortic smooth muscle cells (HSMCs) undergo mineralization …

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects more than 10% of the world population and leads to
excess morbidity and mortality (with cardiovascular disease as a leading cause of death) …

Background Restless leg syndrome (RLS) is a sleep disorder with high prevalence among
patients on hemodialysis. It has been postulated that high phosphate and high parathyroid …