Clozapine is superior to other antipsychotics as a therapy for treatment-resistant
schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder with increased risk of suicidal behavior. This …

Introduction Bipolar disorder (BD) is a chronic mental illness impacting 1–2% of the
population worldwide and causing high rates of functional impairment. Patients with BD …

Background: The current paper includes a systematic search of the literature, a detailed
presentation of the results, and a grading of treatment options in terms of efficacy and …

Background The definitions of treatment-resistant bipolar disorder (TRBD) have varied
across studies. Additionally, its management is clinically challenging. An updated synthesis …

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is effective for major depressive disorder (MDD) but its
effects on memory limit its widespread use. Magnetic seizure therapy (MST) is a potential …

Magnetic seizure therapy (MST) has established efficacy in the treatment of depression and
a growing evidence base in the treatment of depression. We conducted the first systematic …

Objective Few studies on electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) investigate efficacy and safety on
depressive adolescents with strong suicidal ideation. Our study examined adolescents …

Background: Ketamine has proven to have rapid, robust antidepressant effects on treatment-
resistant depression. However, whether repeated ketamine infusions would cause short-and …

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has been repeatedly linked to hippocampal plasticity.
However, it remains unclear what role hippocampal plasticity plays in the antidepressant …

Objective Cognitive impairment is common among patients with major depressive disorder
(MDD), but its pathological mechanism is complex and not fully understood. Evidence …