Breastfeeding confers many benefits to the breast-fed infant which are reflected by better
short-term and long-term outcomes as compared to formula-fed infants. Many components of …

Abstract Changes in the maternal environment leading to an altered intrauterine milieu can
result in subtle insults to the fetus, promoting increased lifetime disease risk and/or disease …

Neurodevelopmental disorders appear to be rising in prevalence, according to the recent
Global Burden of Disease Study. This rise is likely to be multi-factorial, but the role of certain …

The composition of human milk has served as a basis for the development of infant formulas,
which are used when breastfeeding is not possible. Among the human milk nutrients, 50% of …

Results: Maternal protein concentration, PrCarb, MDA and all lipid-soluble micronutrients
were significantly higher compared with newborns, except for 3NT, which was significantly …

Background Choline is an essential nutrient, with increased requirements during
development. It forms the headgroup of phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin in all …

Milk polar lipids provide choline, ethanolamine, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are
needed for the growth and plasticity of the tissues in a suckling child. They may also inhibit …

Human milk (HM) provides infants with macro-and micronutrients needed for growth and
development. Milk phospholipids are important sources of bioactive components, such as …

Background Adequate intake of choline is essential for growth and homeostasis, but its
supply does often not meet requirements. Choline deficiency decreases …

Choline/phosphatidylcholine concentrations are tightly regulated in all organs and
secretions. During rapid organ growth in the third trimester, choline requirement is …