Tobacco smoking is common in HIV-infected patients, and is prevalent among intravenous
opiate abusers. Conversely, intravenous opiate abusers are more likely HIV-infected, and …

Lentiviral replication in its target cells affects a delicate balance between cellular cofactors
required for virus propagation and immunoregulation for host defense. To better elucidate …

Both human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and illicit drug addiction remain major health
problems not only in the United States but all over globe. The effect of drug addiction on …

HIV and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) have a formidable capacity for mutation and
adaptation, a characteristic that has contributed to the extensive genetic variability …

People who use drugs are at higher risk of HIV: directly through the sharing of injecting
equipment, indirectly through associated risk behavior, and physiologically through the …

Opioids have immunosuppressive properties, yet their impact on HIV disease progression
remains unclear. Using longitudinal data from HIV-infected antiretroviral therapy-naïve …

Interferon alpha (IFN-α) not only plays a key role in innate host immunity against infections
but also is involved in the cellular functions of the central nervous system (CNS). In this …

Background The objectives are to examine disparities in all-cause mortality risk among HIV-
positive Latinos with injection drug use (IDU) history, and to identify individual-and …

Objectives Certain prescribed opioids have immunosuppressive properties, yet their impact
on clinically relevant outcomes, including antiretroviral therapy (ART) response among HIV …

Background Heavy episodic drinking (HED) is a risk factor for opioid‐related overdose and
negatively impacts HIV disease progression. Among a national cohort of patients with HIV …