Arousal may be understood on a spectrum, with excessive sleepiness, cognitive dysfunction,
and inattention on one side, a wakeful state in the middle, and hypervigilance, panic, and …

Many psychophysiologists have noted the striking similarities between the antecedent
conditions for the P3 component of the event‐related potential and the orienting response …

Independent discoveries in several laboratories suggest that the midbrain periaqueductal
gray (PAG), the celldense region surrounding the midbrain aqueduct, contains a previously …

fight or flight—are particularly adaptive if the stress is escapable. On the other hand, passive
emotional coping strategies—quiescence, immobility, decreased responsiveness to the …

The origin and termination of prefrontal cortical projections to the periaqueductal gray (PAG)
were defined with retrograde axonal tracers injected into the PAG and anterograde axonal …

Recent findings suggest that the periaqueductal gray (PAG) can be subdivided on the basis
of its anatomical connections and functional representation of cardiovascular and behavioral …

Tract-tracing and electrophysiology studies have revealed that major inputs to the nucleus
locus coeruleus (LC) are found in two structures, the nucleus paragigantocellularis (PGi) …

The cerebellum is classically considered to be a brain region involved in motor processing,
but it has also been implicated in non-motor, and even cognitive, functions. Though previous …

Many see the periaqueductal gray (PAG) as a region responsible for the downstream control
of defensive reactions. Here we provide a detailed review of anatomical and functional data …

Publisher Summary Recently, it has become clear that discrete longitudinal columns of
neurons within the periaqueductal gray region (PAG) play special roles in coordinating …