Background The fish order Cypriniformes is one of the most diverse ray-finned fish groups in
the world with more than 3000 recognized species. Cypriniformes are characterized by a …

Contrary to their reptilian ancestors, which had numerous dental generations, mammals are
known to usually develop only two generations of teeth. However, a few mammal species …

Multicellular organisms appeared on Earth through several independent major evolutionary
transitions. Are such transitions reversible? Addressing this fundamental question entails …

Dollo's law, that complex characters are not regained in evolution, is a pattern applied to
many systems. Recent work has evaluated unidirectional evolution in a number of contexts …

Abstract The scorpion family Typhlochactidae Mitchell, 1971 is endemic to eastern Mexico
and exclusively troglomorphic. Six of the nine species in the family are hypogean …

Larger molecular phylogenies based on ever more genes are becoming commonplace with
the advent of cheaper and more streamlined sequencing and bioinformatics pipelines …

Cave adaptation has evolved repeatedly across the Tree of Life, famously leading to
pigmentation and eye degeneration and loss, yet its macroevolutionary implications remain …

The existence of old species‐rich parthenogenetic taxa is a conundrum in evolutionary
biology. Such taxa point to ancient parthenogenetic radiations resulting in morphologically …

Sexual systems are highly diverse and have profound consequences for population
dynamics and resilience. Yet, little is known about how they evolved. Using phylogenetic …

Several families of mesopelagic fish have tubular eyes that are usually upwardly directed.
These maximise sensitivity to dim downwelling sunlight and dorsal bioluminescence, as well …