Bladder cancer is among the ten most common cancers globally, causes considerable
morbidity and mortality and is, therefore, a substantial burden for health-care systems. The …

The RASopathies are a group of disorders caused by a germline mutation in one of the
genes encoding a component of the RAS/MAPK pathway. These disorders, including …

Heritable predisposition is an important cause of cancer in children and adolescents.
Although a large number of cancer predisposition genes and their associated syndromes …

The RASopathies are a clinically defined group of medical genetic syndromes caused by
germline mutations in genes that encode components or regulators of the Ras/mitogen …

Noonan syndrome is a genetic multisystem disorder characterised by distinctive facial
features, developmental delay, learning difficulties, short stature, congenital heart disease …

Although the roots of Ras sprouted from the rich history of retrovirus research, it was the
discovery of mutationally activated RAS genes in human cancer in 1982 that stimulated an …

Retinoblastoma (RB) is the most common intraocular malignancy in childhood.
Approximately 40% of retinoblastomas are hereditary and due to germline mutations in the …

Noonan syndrome is a relatively common, clinically variable developmental disorder.
Cardinal features include postnatally reduced growth, distinctive facial dysmorphism …

Rhabdomyosarcomas are malignancies associated with a rhabdomyoblastic phenotype
which can be demonstrated morphologically or by immunohistochemistry for MYOD1 and …

Background: Somatic mutations affecting components of the Ras-MAPK pathway are a
common feature of cancer, whereas germline Ras pathway mutations cause developmental …