Experimental models have often been at the origin of immunological paradigms such as the
M1/M2 dichotomy following macrophage polarization. However, this clear dichotomy in …

Licorice extract is a Chinese herbal medication most often used as a demulcent or elixir. The
extract usually consists of many components but the key ingredients are glycyrrhizic (GL) …

Over 77 million dogs and 93 million cats share our households in the United States. Multiple
studies have demonstrated the importance of pets in their owners' physical and mental …

The complicated interactions between Leishmania and the host antigen-presenting cells
(APCs) have fundamental effects on the final outcome of the disease. Two major APCs …

During the last 100 years, cell signaling has evolved into a common mechanism for most
physiological processes across systems. Although the majority of cell signaling principles …

Leishmania spp. and Trypanosoma cruzi are the causative agents of leishmaniasis and
Chagas disease, respectively, two neglected tropical diseases that affect about 25 million …

In the recent past the standard treatment of kala‐azar involved the use of pentavalent
antimonials Sb (V). Because of progressive rise in treatment failure to Sb (V) was limited its …

Diseases caused by Leishmania present a worldwide problem, and current therapeutic
approaches are unable to achieve a sterile cure. Leishmania is able to persist in host cells …

Leishmaniases remain a major public health problem today despite the vast amount of
research conducted on Leishmania pathogens. The biological model is genetically and …

Parasites of Leishmania genus have developed elegant strategies permitting them to evade
the innate immune response upon their initial interaction with macrophages. Their capacity …