Background The pain that women experience during labour is affected by multiple
physiological and psychosocial factors and its intensity can vary greatly. Most women in …

Neuraxial analgesia provides excellent pain relief in labor. Optimizing initiation and
maintenance of neuraxial labor analgesia requires different strategies. Combined spinal …

The purpose of this chapter is to assist in the use and interpretation of intrapartum
cardiotocography (CTG), as well as in the clinical management of specific CTG patterns. In …

Background Epidural analgesia is a central nerve block technique achieved by injection of a
local anaesthetic close to the nerves that transmit pain, and is widely used as a form of pain …

Operators should be aware that there is a higher risk of subgaleal haemorrhage and scalp
trauma with vacuum extraction compared with forceps at preterm gestational ages. Vacuum …

Background It is more common for women in both high‐and low‐income countries giving
birth in health facilities, to labour in bed. There is no evidence that this is associated with any …

Background Many women would like to avoid pharmacological or invasive methods of pain
management in labour and this may contribute to the popularity of complementary methods …

Obstetric anesthesia has evolved over the course of its history to encompass comprehensive
aspects of maternal care, ranging from cesarean delivery anesthesia and labor analgesia to …

Background Many women would like to avoid pharmacological or invasive methods of pain
management in labour, and this may contribute towards the popularity of complementary …

Background This review is one in a series of Cochrane reviews investigating pain
management for childbirth. These reviews all contribute to an overview of systematic reviews …