The interaction between predator and prey is an evolutionary arms race, for which early
detection by either party is often the key to success. In aquatic ecosystems, olfaction is an …

Predation is one of the most important selection pressures acting on prey behaviour. While
numerous studies have shown that when predation risk is high, prey tend to increase …

Prey animals often have to face a dynamic tradeoff between the costs of antipredator
behavior and the benefits of other fitness-related activities such as foraging and …

The brain is one of the most energetically expensive organs in the vertebrate body.
Consequently, the energetic requirements of encephalization are suggested to impose …

Animals live in complex environments in which predation risk and food availability change
over time. To deal with this variability and maximize their survival, animals should take into …

Abstract Information gathered by animals through different sensory modalities at any given
point may be aligned, that is, consistent across different senses, or in conflict, where different …

The antipredator behaviour of prey organisms is shaped by a series of threat-sensitive trade-
offs between the benefits associated with successful predator avoidance and a suite of other …

In predator–prey encounters between fish in which there is physical trauma to the epidermis
of the prey, some species release chemical alarm cues into the water. Fish of the same …

Much of the plasticity that prey exhibit in response to predators is linked to the prey's
immediate background level of risk. However, we know almost nothing of how background …

Behavioural ecology is rife with examples of prey animals that are able to adjust the intensity
of their anti-predator response to match background risk levels. Often, preys need …