During the last decade, substance use disorders (SUDs) have been increasingly recognized
as neuroinflammation-related brain diseases. Various types of abused drugs (cocaine …

Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disease exhibiting the fastest growth in
incidence in recent years. As with most neurodegenerative diseases, the pathophysiology is …

Macrophages can be characterized as a very multifunctional cell type with a spectrum of
phenotypes and functions being observed spatially and temporally in various disease states …

This comprehensive narrative review explores the concept of neuro-vulnerability in energy
metabolism regulation and its implications for metabolic disorders. The review highlights the …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder of the
central nervous system after Alzheimer's disease. The current understanding of PD focuses …

Cellular senescence and chronic inflammation in response to aging are considered to be
indicators of brain aging; they have a great impact on the aging process and are the main …

Neurodegenerative disease (ND) incidence has recently increased due to improved life
expectancy. Alzheimer's (AD) or Parkinson's disease (PD) are the most prevalent NDs. Both …

Degenerative diseases affect people's life and health and cause a severe social burden.
Relevant mechanisms of microglia have been studied, aiming to control and reduce …

Dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tier of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc)
degenerate prominently in Parkinson's disease (PD), while those in the dorsal tier and …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is inflammatory demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease of the
central nervous system (CNS) with autoimmune mechanism of development. The study of …