Hemodialysis has saved many lives, albeit with significant residual mortality. Although poor
outcomes may reflect advanced age and comorbid conditions, hemodialysis per se may …

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) represents a major cause of death in end-stage kidney
disease (ESKD). The precise estimate of its incidence is difficult to establish because studies …

Background “Malnutrition” describes both over and undernutrition. In the UK, the National
Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) define malnutrition as “a state in which a …

Hemodialysis (HD) is a life-sustaining therapy as well as an intermittent and repetitive stress
condition for the patient. In ridding the blood of unwanted substances and excess fluid from …

Acid-base regulation by the kidneys is largely missing in end-stage renal disease patients
undergoing hemodialysis (HD). Bicarbonate is added to the dialysis fluid during HD to …

Background Metabolic acidosis is a common problem in haemodialysis patients, but
acidosis overcorrection has been associated with higher mortality. There is no clear …

The development of maintenance hemodialysis (HD) for end stage kidney disease patients
is a success story that continues to save many lives. Nevertheless, intermittent renal …

Introduction Abnormalities in blood bicarbonates (HCO3–) concentration are a common
finding in patients with chronic kidney disease, especially at the end-stage renal failure …

Background Adverse events and mortality tend to cluster around dialysis sessions,
potentially due to the impact of the saw-toothed profile of uraemic toxins such as potassium …

Background Both metabolic acidosis and alkalosis increase hospitalizations,
haemodynamic instability and mortality in haemodialysis patients. Unfortunately, current …