Calcium phosphate is the main inorganic component of bone. Calcium phosphate-based
biomaterials have demonstrated great potential in bone tissue engineering due to their …

Living organisms in nature have undergone continuous evolution over billions of years,
resulting in the formation of high-performance fracture-resistant biomineralized tissues such …

Biomolecules-mediated biomimetic mineralization has been extensively investigated and
applied to fabricate nano-assemblies with unique hierarchical architectures and salient …

Enzymes play a key role in natural mineralization, but their function is disabling in bone
metabolism when patients suffer severe degenerations like hypophosphatasia. To regulate …

Apatites are one of the most intensively studied materials for possible biomedical
applications. New perspectives of possible application of apatites correspond with the …

Biomineralization is a highly regulated process that results in the deposition of minerals in a
precise manner, ultimately producing skeletal and dental hard tissues. Recent studies have …

In recent years, immense attention has been devoted over the production of osteoinductive
materials. To this direction, collagen has a dominant role in developing hard tissues and …

Vitamin K (VK), a fat-soluble vitamin, is well known as an anticoagulant in the clinic. It is
essential for the post-translational activation of VK-dependent proteins (VKDPs) because …

Liposomes (lipid vesicles) are often considered to be a versatile tool for the synthesis of
advanced materials, as they allow various control mechanisms to tune the materials' …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are potent means of cell-to-cell communication. They are
released in biological fluids, including blood, urine, and saliva, and can be exploited to …