Chemotherapy is one of the principal modes of treatment for cancer patients. Clinically,
many tumors present a satisfactory response when they are first exposed to the …

P-glycoprotein actively transports structurally unrelated compounds out of cells, conferring
the multidrug resistance phenotype in cancer. Tariquidar is a potent, specific …

Physiological characteristics of diseases bring about both challenges and opportunities for
targeted drug delivery. Various drug delivery platforms have been devised ranging from …

Folates play a key role in one-carbon metabolism essential for the biosynthesis of purines,
thymidylate and hence DNA replication. The antifolate methotrexate has been rationally …

Adenine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette (ABC) transporter proteins, such as ABCB1/P-
glycoprotein (P-gp) and ABCG2/breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), transport various …

The development of multidrug resistance (MDR) in patients suffering cancer remains a
significant clinical challenge, with drug efflux by ABC (ATP-binding cassette) transporters …

A key issue in the immune system is to generate specific cell types, often with opposing
activities. The mechanisms of differentiation and subtype specification of immune cells such …

Chemotherapy is currently one of the most effective ways to treat metastatic cancers.
However, of the various mechanisms that are involved in conferring resistance, upregulation …

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a small group of cancer cells, which contribute to
tumorigenesis and cancer progression. Cancer cells undergoing epithelial-to-mesenchymal …

Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) are highly conserved multifunctional enzymes
that play crucial roles in insecticide resistance development. In this study, the molecular …