Exposure to hostile conditions initiates responses organized to enhance the probability of
survival. These coordinated responses, known as stress responses, are composed of …

Affective valence lies on a spectrum ranging from punishment to reward. The coding of such
spectra in the brain almost always involves opponency between pairs of systems or …

Serotonin plays a central role in cognition and is the target of most pharmaceuticals for
psychiatric disorders. Existing drugs have limited efficacy; creation of improved versions will …

From previous literature, it appears that most classical neurotransmitter systems can in some
way influence learning and memory in the rat. A matter of crucial interest is, however …

A variety of reactions are observed after a major trauma. In the majority of cases these
resolve without any long-term consequences. In a significant proportion of individuals …

This review describes the latest developments in our understanding of how the serotonergic
system modulates Pavlovian fear conditioning, fear expression and fear extinction. These …

Fear is characterized by distinct behavioral and physiological responses that are essential
for the survival of the human species. Fear conditioning (FC) serves as a valuable model for …

There is a general consensus that the effects of cannabinoid agonists on anxiety seem to be
biphasic, with low doses being anxiolytic and high doses ineffective or possibly anxiogenic …

Low levels of the serotonin1A (5-HT1A) receptor have been repeatedly found in mood and
anxiety disorders. Stress often exacerbates psychiatric disease and can also reduce 5-HT1A …

The study of genetically altered mice has been used successfully to determine the influence
of different neurotransmitter receptors on fear and anxiety. Mice with a genetic deletion of the …