As sessile organisms, plants must tolerate various environmental stresses. Plant hormones
play vital roles in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Among these hormones …

Plants have both cell-surface and intracellular receptors to recognize diverse self-and non-
self molecules. Cell-surface pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize extracellular …

The plant immune system involves cell-surface receptors that detect intercellular pathogen-
derived molecules, and intracellular receptors that activate immunity upon detection of …

Abscisic acid (ABA) is a stress hormone that accumulates under different abiotic and biotic
stresses. A typical effect of ABA on leaves is to reduce transpirational water loss by closing …

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important crops in the world. Since the completion of
rice reference genome sequences, tremendous progress has been achieved in …

Each year, abiotic stress conditions such as drought, heat, salinity, cold and particularly their
different combinations, inflict a heavy toll on crop productivity worldwide. The effects of these …

Plant pathogens are one of the main factors hindering the breeding of cash crops.
Pathogens, including oomycetes, fungus, and bacteria, secrete effectors as invasion …

In plants, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) formed during normal conditions are essential
in regulating several processes, like stomatal physiology, pathogen immunity and …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling has an important role in plant innate immune
responses and is primarily mediated by NADPH oxidase, also known as respiratory burst …

The phytohormones salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) are major players in plant
immunity. Numerous studies have provided evidence that SA-and JA-mediated signaling …