Widmann, Christian, Spencer Gibson, Matthew B. Jarpe, and Gary L. Johnson. Mitogen-
Activated Protein Kinase: Conservation of a Three-Kinase Module From Yeast to Human …

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS [endotoxin]) is the principal component of the outer membrane of
Gram-negative bacteria. Recent studies have elucidated how LPS is recognized by …

The heme oxygenases, which consist of constitutive and inducible isozymes (HO-1, HO-2),
catalyze the rate-limiting step in the metabolic conversion of heme to the bile pigments (ie …

AP-1 (activating protein-1) is a collective term referring to dimeric transcription factors
composed of Jun, Fos or ATF (activating transcription factor) subunits that bind to a common …

TRAF6 is a signal transducer that activates IκB kinase (IKK) and Jun amino-terminal kinase
(JNK) in response to pro-inflammatory mediators such as interleukin-1 (IL-1) and …

The stress-inducible protein heme oxygenase-1 provides protection against oxidative stress.
The anti-inflammatory properties of heme oxygenase-1 may serve as a basis for this …

Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascades are activated in response to various
extracellular stimuli, including growth factors and environmental stresses. A MAP kinase …

Mammalian p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are activated by a wide range
of cellular stresses as well as in response to inflammatory cytokines. There are four …

Small molecule inhibitors have proven extremely useful for investigating signal transduction
pathways and have the potential for development into therapeutics for inhibiting signal …

Excessive inflammation is becoming accepted as a critical factor in many human diseases,
including inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, neurodegenerative conditions, infection …