This review discusses alcohol and other forms of drug addiction as both a sociocultural and
biological phenomenon. Sex differences and gender are not solely determined by biology …

Menstruation is the cyclic, orderly sloughing of the uterine lining, in response to the
interactions of hormones produced by the hypothalamus, pituitary, and ovaries. The …

Depression and anxiety disorders are more prevalent in females, but the majority of
research in animal models, the first step in finding new treatments, has focused …

Sex differences between males and females can be detected early in life. They are present
also later even to a much greater extent affecting our life in adulthood and a wide spectrum …

The purpose of this review is to discuss ways to think about and study sex differences in
preclinical animal models. We use the framework of addiction, in which animal models have …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are components of the innate immune system that respond to
exogenous infectious ligands (pathogen-associated molecular patterns, PAMPs) and …

We delineated a heritable phenotype resulting from the self-administration of cocaine in rats.
We observed delayed acquisition and reduced maintenance of cocaine self-administration …

Drug overdoses from opioids and stimulants are a major cause of mortality in the United
States. It is unclear if there are stable sex differences in overdose mortality for these drugs …

Substance use disorders (SUDs) manifest as chronic relapsing disorders, characterized by
compulsive drug taking despite serious adverse consequences, the loss of control over …

Dopamine (DA) plays a well recognized role in a variety of physiologic functions such as
movement, cognition, mood, and reward. Consequently, many human disorders are due, in …