Background: Chronic axial spinal pain is one of the major causes of significant disability and
health care costs, with facet joints as one of the proven causes of pain. Objective: To provide …

Peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) was the first application of neuromodulation. Widespread
application of PNS was limited by technical concerns. Recent advances now allow the …

OBJECTIVE: To develop evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for interventional
techniques in the diagnosis and treatment of chronic spinal pain. METHODOLOGY …

Background As part of a comprehensive nonsurgical approach, epidural injections often are
used in the management of lumbar disc herniation. Recent guidelines and systematic …

Background: Traditional pain assessment methods have significant limitations due to the
high variability in patient reported pain scores and perception of pain by different individuals …

AIM: To investigate the diagnostic validity and therapeutic value of lumbar facet joint
interventions in managing chronic low back pain. METHODS: The review process applied …

Results: The evidence in managing lumbar spinal stenosis is Level II for long-term
improvement for caudal and lumbar interlaminar epidural injections. For transforaminal …

Background: Discogenic low back is a distinct clinic entity characterized by pain arising from
a damaged disc. The diagnosis is clouded by the controversy surrounding discography. The …

Objective Chronic pain remains a serious public health problem worldwide. A spinal cord
stimulation (SCS) therapy called HF10 SCS uses 10-kHz high-frequency stimulation to …

According to the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) Pain is “an un-
pleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual and potential tissue …