Tobacco smoking was considered by previous IARC Working Groups in 1986, 1987 and
2002 (IARC, 1986, 1987, 2004a). Since that time, new data have become available, these …

African American (AA) smokers are at a higher risk of developing lung cancer compared to
whites. The variations in the metabolism of nicotine and tobacco-derived carcinogens in …

Background Translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) is linked to lung cancer.
However, upon lung cancer carcinogens stimulation, there were no reports on the …

The objectives of this clinical study were to evaluate changes in tobacco product use
behavior and levels of selected biomarkers of exposure (BOEs) for smokers who switched to …

Tobacco use constitutes a leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Tobacco-
specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) are an important class of biomarkers for tobacco carcinogen …

Urinary metabolites of the tobacco‐specific nitrosamine 4‐(methylnitrosamino)‐1‐(3‐pyridyl)‐
1‐butanone (NNK), 4‐(methylnitrosamino)‐1‐(3‐pyridyl)‐1‐butanol (NNAL) and its …

4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol plus its glucuronides (total NNAL), metabolites
of the lung carcinogen NNK, and total cotinine, metabolites of nicotine, are biomarkers of …

Pioglitazone (PGZ), a synthetic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ)
ligand, is known to have anti-tumor activity by inducing tumor cell apoptosis. However, it is …

Native Hawaiian smokers are at higher risk and Japanese‐American smokers at lower risk
of lung cancer (LC), compared with white smokers, even after accounting for smoking …

The mechanism responsible for the apoptotic effect induced by ent-11α-hydroxy-15-oxo-
kaur-16-en-19-oic-acid (5F) is not fully understood and its in vivo effect has not been tested …