After nearly four decades of research, a safe and effective HIV-1 vaccine remains elusive.
There are many reasons why the development of a potent and durable HIV-1 vaccine is …

Activated B cells participate in either extrafollicular (EF) or germinal center (GC) responses.
Canonical responses are composed of a short wave of plasmablasts (PBs) arising from EF …

Amino acids are basic nutrients for immune cells during organ development, tissue
homeostasis, and the immune response. Regarding metabolic reprogramming in the tumor …

Increasing evidence indicates the involvement of B cells in the pathogenesis of multiple
sclerosis (MS), but their precise roles are unclear. In this Review, we provide an overview of …

B cells and the antibodies they produce have a deeply penetrating influence on human
physiology. Here, we review current understanding of how B cell responses are initiated; the …

Both B cell receptor (BCR) and CD40 signaling are rewired in germinal center (GC) B cells
(GCBCs) to synergistically induce c-MYC and phosphorylated S6 ribosomal protein (p-S6) …

Germinal center (GC) B cells are the source of the high-affinity, class-switched antibodies
required for protective immunity. The unique biology of GC B cells involves iterative rounds …

Germinal centers (GCs) or analogous secondary lymphoid microstructures (SLMs) are
thought to have evolved in endothermic species. However, living representatives of their …

In the final stages of apoptosis, apoptotic cells can generate a variety of membrane-bound
vesicles known as apoptotic extracellular vesicles (ApoEVs). Apoptotic bodies (ApoBDs), a …

Immunoglobulins emerging from B lymphocytes and capable of recognizing almost all kinds
of antigens owing to the extreme diversity of their antigen‐binding portions, known as …