The rapid development of 3D printing has led to considerable progress in the field of
biomedical engineering. Notably, 4D printing provides a potential strategy to achieve a time …

The development of programmable functional biomaterials makes 4D printing add a new
dimension, time (t), based on 3D structures (x, y, z), therefore, 4D printed constructs could …

Since the late 1980s, additive manufacturing (AM), commonly known as three-dimensional
(3D) printing, has been gradually popularized. However, the microstructures fabricated …

Abstract 4D bioprinting is promising to build cell‐laden constructs (bioconstructs) with
complex geometries and functions for tissue/organ regeneration applications. The …

The desideration to expedite sophisticated intelligence and to have an interdisciplinary
accession of new forms of complexities lead to the inauguration of a modern additive …

Abstract Four-dimensional (4D) printing is gaining interest in the past few years. The
prototyping freedom of 3D printing coupled with the abilities of smart materials and their …

Soft actuators have received intensive attention in the fields of soft robots, sensors,
intelligent control, artificial intelligence, and visual intelligence. By combination of tensile …

As a kind of smart material, shape memory polymer (SMP) shows great application potential
in the biomedical field. Compared with traditional metal‐based medical devices, SMP …

Stimuli‐responsive polymers (SRPs) are special types of soft materials, which have been
extensively used for developing flexible actuators, soft robots, wearable devices, sensors …

As a kind of medical treatment device, shape memory tracheal stent has a good application
prospect. The biodegradable stent can effectively reduce the damage to patients and …