Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are resident non-parenchymal liver pericytes whose plasticity
enables them to regulate a remarkable range of physiologic and pathologic responses. To …

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays crucial roles in cardiovascular physiology
and pathophysiology. However, many of the signaling mechanisms have been unclear. The …

Fibrosis is the final common pathway of inflammatory diseases in various organs. The
inflammasomes play an important role in the progression of fibrosis as innate immune …

The NOD-like receptor (NLR) family of proteins is a group of pattern recognition receptors
(PRRs) known to mediate the initial innate immune response to cellular injury and stress …

Inflammasomes are multiprotein innate immune complexes that regulate caspase-
dependent inflammation and cell death. Pattern recognition receptors, such as nucleotide …

Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is the most potent pro-fibrogenic cytokine and its
expression is increased in almost all of fibrotic diseases. Although signaling through Smad …

Despite the advances that have been made in developing new therapeutics, cardiovascular
disease remains the leading cause of worldwide mortality. Therefore, understanding the …

Although fibrosis is a common pathological feature of most end-stage organ diseases, its
pathogenesis remains unclear. There is growing evidence that mitochondrial dysfunction …

Diabetes cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a critical complication of long-term chronic diabetes
mellitus and is characterized by myocardial fibrosis and myocardial hypertrophy. It has been …

Alzheimer's disease is characterized not only by extracellular amyloid plaques and
neurofibrillary tangles, but also by microglia‐mediated neuroinflammation. Recently …