The execution and learning of diverse movements involve neuronal networks distributed
throughout the nervous system. The brainstem and basal ganglia are key for processing …

The striatum is essential for learning which actions lead to reward and for implementing
those actions. Decades of experimental and theoretical work have led to several influential …

Motor cortex (M1) has been thought to form a continuous somatotopic homunculus
extending down the precentral gyrus from foot to face representations,, despite evidence for …

Elevated dopamine transmission in psychosis is assumed to unbalance striatal output
through D1-and D2-receptor-expressing spiny-projection neurons (SPNs). Antipsychotic …

Brain atlases are fundamental to understanding the topographic organization of the human
brain, yet many contemporary human atlases cover only the cerebral cortex, leaving the …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex, multi-system neurodegenerative disorder. The
second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's disease, it affects …

The basal ganglia are known to influence action selection and modulation of movement
vigor, but whether and how they contribute to specifying the kinematics of learned motor …

The frontal lobes are important for cognitive control, yet their functional organization remains
controversial. An influential class of theory proposes that the frontal lobes are organized …

Two decades of cross-species neuroscience research on rapid action-stopping in the
laboratory has provided motivation for an underlying prefrontal–basal ganglia circuit. Here …

Environmental stimuli and objects, including rewards, are often processed sequentially in
the brain. Recent work suggests that the phasic dopamine reward prediction-error response …