Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative brain disease that is the most common
cause of dementia among the elderly. In addition to dementia, which is the loss of cognitive …

Early diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD) offers perhaps, the most promising route to a
successful clinical intervention, and the use of an animal model exhibiting symptoms …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) does not present uniform symptoms or a uniform rate of
progression in all cases. The classification of subtypes can be based on clinical symptoms …

Preclinical studies have implicated noradrenergic (NA) dysfunction in cocaine addiction. In
particular, the NA system plays a central role in motivated behavior and may partake in the …

Astrocytes are glial cells with numerous fine processes which are important for the functions
of the central nervous system. The activation of β-adrenoceptors induces process formation …

Redox reactions play a critical role for intracellular processes, including pathways involved
in metabolism and signaling. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) act either as second …

Previous studies have reported that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of the
frontal polar area (FPA) ameliorated motor disability in patients with Parkinson's disease …

Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder featured by
progressive cognitive decline, which manifests in severe impairment of memory, attention …

Background Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are
neurodegenerative processing stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Cognitive decline is …

The locus coeruleus (LC) is a pontine nucleus important for respiratory control and central
chemoreception. It is affected in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and alteration of LC cell function …