Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated disease of the central nervous system that
causes demyelination, axonal degeneration and astrogliosis, resulting in progressive …

Autoimmune diseases are caused when immune cells act against self-protein. This
biological self–non-self-discrimination phenomenon is controlled by a distinct group of …

T‐cell exhaustion has been extensively researched, compared with B‐cell exhaustion and
NK‐cell exhaustion, which have received considerably less attention; and there is less of a …

The polysaccharide-based advanced drug delivery system owing to their biocompatibility,
ability to encapsulate the drug molecules in their interspaces, and ability to achieve a …

Abstract ATPase Inhibitory Factor 1 (IF1) regulates the activity of mitochondrial ATP
synthase. The expression of IF1 in differentiated human and mouse cells is highly variable …

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused havoc all around the world. The causative agent of
COVID-19 is the novel form of the coronavirus (CoV) named SARS-CoV-2, which results in …

Background Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is an enhancer of
Treg responses, but the mechanisms remain elusive. This study aimed to solve this problem …

Objective. To evaluate the efficacy and safety of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)
transplantation in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Methods. The Chinese and …

The kynurenine pathway (KP) is highly regulated in the immune system, where it promotes
immunosuppression in response to infection or inflammation. Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase …

Autoimmune disorders occur when immune cells go wrong and attack the body's own
tissues. Currently, autoimmune disorders are largely treated by broad immunosuppressive …