Carotenoids are long conjugated isoprenoid molecules with over 1117 identified structures,
belongs to the class of hydrocarbons, involved in a range of biological processes in plants …

Light spectra significantly influence plant metabolism, growth and development. Here, we
review the effects of monochromatic blue, red and green light compared to those of …

1O2 (singlet oxygen) is a reactive O2 species produced from triplet excited chlorophylls in
the chloroplasts, especially when plants are exposed to excess light energy. Similarly to …

Carotenoids are considered to be the first line of defense of plants against singlet oxygen
(1O2) toxicity because of their capacity to quench 1O2 as well as triplet chlorophylls through …

Excitons are considered as the basic concept used by describing the spectral properties of
photosynthetic pigment-protein complexes and excitation dynamics in photosynthetic light …

The structure of the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b–protein complex, an integral membrane
protein, has been determined at 3.4 Å resolution by electron crystallography of two …

A conserved regulatory mechanism protects plants against the potentially damaging effects
of excessive light. Nearly all photosynthetic eukaryotes are able to dissipate excess …

Carotenoids are essential for the survival of photosynthetic organisms [1-6]. They act as
protective devices against irreversible photodestruction of the photosynthetic apparatus …

Carotenoids are, along with chlorophylls, the most abundant pigments found in nature. They
are present in most organisms including humans but can be synthesized only by plants and …

Carotenoids have two important roles in photosynthetic organisms. First, they act as
accessory light‐harvesting pigments, effectively extending the range of light absorbed by the …