There are known sex specific differences in fetal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. There
are also known differences in birthweight centile with males generally being larger than …

Sex differences occur in most non-communicable diseases, including metabolic diseases,
hypertension, cardiovascular disease, psychiatric and neurological disorders and cancer. In …

With a current prevalence of approximately 20%, smoking continues to impact negatively
upon health. Tobacco or nicotine use influences the endocrine system, with important …

Background Changes in imprinted gene dosage in the placenta may compromise the
prenatal control of nutritional resources. Indeed monoallelic behaviour and sensitivity to …

Males and females responses to gestational overnutrition set the stage for subsequent sex-
specific differences in adult onset non communicable diseases. Placenta, as a widely …

The ways in which epigenetic modifications fix the effects of early environmental events,
ensuring sustained responses to transient stimuli that result in modified gene expression …

Rapidly growing evidences link maternal lifestyle and prenatal factors with serious health
consequences and diseases later in life. Extensive epidemiological studies have identified a …

Insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1) was firstly identified as a hormone that mediates the
biological effects of growth hormone. Accumulating data have indicated the role of IGF‐1 …

Introduction Metabolic stress (eg, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and obesity) and
infections are common during pregnancy, impacting fetal development and the health of …

Fetal overgrowth is common in obese women and is associated with perinatal complications
and increased risk for the child to develop metabolic syndrome later in life. Placental nutrient …