Targeting immune checkpoints such as programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1),
programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PDL1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4) has …

The genetic factors associated with susceptibility or resistance to viral infections are likely to
involve a sophisticated array of immune response. These genetic elements may modulate …

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most prevalent type of kidney cancer originating from
renal tubular epithelial cells, with clear cell RCC comprising approximately 80% of cases …

Phenotypic heterogeneity has been observed in most malignancies, which represents a
considerable challenge for tumor therapy. In recent decades, the biological function and …

Natural killer (NK) cells have long been known to mediate anti-tumor responses without prior
sensitization or recognition of specific tumor antigens. However, the tumor microenvironment …

Cancer research has been largely focused on the cellular and molecular levels of
investigation. Recent data show that not only the cell but also the extracellular matrix plays a …

Growing neoplasms employ various mechanisms to evade immunosurveillance. The
expression of non-classical MHC class I molecules by both immune and malignant cells in …

HLA-G molecule has well-recognized tolerogenic properties, and the encoding gene shows
lower frequency of polymorphism at the coding region but higher variability at regulatory …

Half a million patients in the USA alone require treatment for burns annually. Following an
extensive burn, it may not be possible to provide sufficient autografts in a single setting. Pig …

Aberrant induction of human leukocyte antigen-G (HLA-G) expression has been observed in
various malignancies and is strongly associated with tumor immune escape, metastasis and …