It is now well established that individuals can differ consistently in their average levels of
behaviour across different contexts. There have recently been calls to apply the same …

Cognition is defined as the processes by which animals collect, retain and use information
from their environment to guide their behaviour. Thus cognition is essential in a wide range …

Cognitive processes are important to animals because they not only influence how animals
acquire, store and recall information, but also may underpin behaviours such as deciding …

Cognitive abilities probably evolve through natural selection if they provide individuals with
fitness benefits. A growing number of studies demonstrate a positive relationship between …

Individual differences in cognitive abilities have been thoroughly investigated in humans
and to a lesser extent in other mammals. Despite the growing interest in studying cognition …

Highlights•We examined personality, stress physiology and learning performance in Florida
scrub-jays.•Associative and reversal learning performance were inversely related.•Nestling …

Organisms are constantly under selection to respond effectively to diverse, sometimes rapid,
changes in their environment, but not all individuals are equally plastic in their behaviour …

Many animals respond well behaviorally to stimuli associated with human-induced rapid
environmental change (HIREC), such as novel predators or food sources. Yet others make …

Cognitive flexibility controls how animals respond to changing environmental conditions.
Individuals within species vary considerably in cognitive flexibility but the micro-evolutionary …

Cognition is fundamental to animals' lives and an important source of phenotypic variation.
Nevertheless, research on individual variation in animal cognition is still limited. Further …