The prevalence of heart failure is on the rise and imposes a major health threat, in part, due
to the rapidly increased prevalence of overweight and obesity. To this point …

There is strong evidence that sex chromosomes and sex hormones influence blood
pressure (BP) regulation, distribution of cardiovascular (CV) risk factors and co-morbidities …

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory vascular disease and the predominant cause of
heart attack and ischemic stroke. Despite the well-known sexual dimorphism in the …

Abstract Obesity contributes 65–75% of the risk for human primary (essential) hypertension
(HT) which is a major driver of cardiovascular and kidney diseases. Kidney dysfunction …

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide.
There is robust evidence of heterogeneity in underlying mechanism, manifestation …

Abstract In May 2014, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) stated its intent to “require
applicants to consider sex as a biological variable (SABV) in the design and analysis of NIH …

Abstract Background Metabolic syndrome (MetS), a worldwide public health problem, affects
human health and quality of life in a dramatic manner. A growing evidence base suggests …

Mammalian kidneys are specialized to maintain fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. The
epithelial transport processes along the renal tubule that match output to input have long …

Biological sex is a factor in many conditions, including aging, neurodegenerative disease,
cancer, and more. For each of these, men and women display distinct differences in disease …

Current evidence suggests that severity and mortality of COVID-19 is higher in men than in
women, whereas women might be at increased risk of COVID-19 reinfection and …