The kidney maintains electrolyte, water, and acid-base balance, eliminates foreign and
waste compounds, regulates blood pressure, and secretes hormones. There are at least 16 …

CLC anion transporters are found in all phyla and form a gene family of eight members in
mammals. Two CLC proteins, each of which completely contains an ion translocation …

The protonation state of soluble and membrane-associated macromolecules dictates their
charge, conformation, and functional activity. In addition, protons (H+ or their equivalents) …

Cl− channels reside both in the plasma membrane and in intracellular organelles. Their
functions range from ion homeostasis to cell volume regulation, transepithelial transport, and …

The distal convoluted tubule is the nephron segment that lies immediately downstream of
the macula densa. Although short in length, the distal convoluted tubule plays a critical role …

Electroneutral cation-Cl− cotransporters compose a family of solute carriers in which cation
(Na+ or K+) movement through the plasma membrane is always accompanied by Cl− in a 1 …

Knowledge of the primary cause of a disease is essential for elucidation of its mechanisms,
and for adequate classification, prognosis, and treatment. Recently, the causes of many …

Chloride channels represent a relatively under-explored target class for drug discovery as
elucidation of their identity and physiological roles has lagged behind that of many other …

The exquisite sensitivity of the cochlea, which mediates the transduction of sound waves into
nerve impulses, depends on the endocochlear potential and requires a highly specialized …

Bartter syndrome is an inherited renal tubular disorder caused by a defective salt
reabsorption in the thick ascending limb of loop of Henle, resulting in salt wasting …