To maintain the world population demand, a sustainable agriculture is needed. Since
current global vision is more friendly with the environment, eco-friendly alternatives are …

Various conceptual models to describe the plant immune system have been presented. The
most recent paradigm to gain wide acceptance in the field is often referred to as the zigzag …

Plants are engaged in a continuous co-evolutionary struggle for dominance with their
pathogens. The outcomes of these interactions are of particular importance to human …

Many species of fungi and oomycetes are plant pathogens of great economic importance.
Over the past 7 years, the genomes of more than 30 of these filamentous plant pathogens …

Microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) are molecular signatures typical of whole
classes of microbes, and their recognition plays a key role in innate immunity. Endogenous …

Most classical plant hormones are also produced by pathogenic and symbiotic fungi. The
way in which these molecules favour the invasion of plant tissues and the development of …

Phytophthora capsici is a highly dynamic and destructive pathogen of vegetables. It attacks
all cucurbits, pepper, tomato and eggplant, and, more recently, snap and lima beans. The …

Pathogenic fungi have diverse growth lifestyles that support fungal colonization on plants.
Successful colonization and infection for all lifestyles depends upon the ability to modify …

Biotrophic fungi interacting with plants establish long-term relationships with their hosts to
fulfill their life cycles. In contrast to necrotrophs, they need to contend with the defense …

It is accepted that most fungal avirulence genes encode virulence factors that are called
effectors. Most fungal effectors are secreted, cysteine-rich proteins, and a role in virulence …